32,111 research outputs found
EU biofuels sustainability standards and certification systems - how to seek WTO-compatibility
Biofuels are increasingly being produced and consumed as a partial substitute to fossil-fuel based transport fuels in the fight against climate change. Sustainability criteria have been introduced recently by some countries to help ensure biofuels perform better than fossil fuels environmentally. Concerns have been expressed from various quarters that such criteria could represent World Trade Organisation (WTO)-incompatible barriers to trade. The present paper addresses two specific issues. First, it argues that biofuels can be expected to be treated like any other traded product under WTO law. Thus an importing country could not impose different trade measures dependent on whether the biofuel complied with its sustainability criteria. Second, the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement (TBTA) provides guidance on how to draw up criteria to help ensure WTO compatibility. This cannot guarantee compatibility, but it can help reduce significantly the chances of WTO Members bringing actions against a fellow Memberâs biofuels sustainability criteria. There is little direct case law to draw upon but it is argued that, if the TBT guidance is followed, in the long term the absence of case law can be taken as an indication that the sustainability criteria established are WTO-compatible
Recommended from our members
Problems of composition, temporality and change in tracing the Common Agricultural Policy through time
Colour image segmentation by the vector-valued Allen-Cahn phase-field model: a multigrid solution
We propose a new method for the numerical solution of a PDE-driven model for
colour image segmentation and give numerical examples of the results. The
method combines the vector-valued Allen-Cahn phase field equation with initial
data fitting terms. This method is known to be closely related to the
Mumford-Shah problem and the level set segmentation by Chan and Vese. Our
numerical solution is performed using a multigrid splitting of a finite element
space, thereby producing an efficient and robust method for the segmentation of
large images.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure
State Transfer and Spin Measurement
We present a Hamiltonian that can be used for amplifying the signal from a
quantum state, enabling the measurement of a macroscopic observable to
determine the state of a single spin. We prove a general mapping between this
Hamiltonian and an exchange Hamiltonian for arbitrary coupling strengths and
local magnetic fields. This facilitates the use of existing schemes for perfect
state transfer to give perfect amplification. We further prove a link between
the evolution of this fixed Hamiltonian and classical Cellular Automata,
thereby unifying previous approaches to this amplification task.
Finally, we show how to use the new Hamiltonian for perfect state transfer in
the, to date, unique scenario where total spin is not conserved during the
evolution, and demonstrate that this yields a significantly different response
in the presence of decoherence.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Second report on containers
In our first report on containers published in January,1967,
we tried to summarise progress in this new mode of
transportation and to define some of the problems which
existed
First report on containers
Everybody agrees that containers are a "good thing";the
actual advantages of transporting cargo, and in particular,
dry cargo, in containers over other forms of transport have,
to our knowledge, nowhere been stated in quantitative terms.
It is claimed that containers will reduce the turn-round time
of ships, ease congestion in the docks, speed-up total transit
time of cargo, reduce the risk of pilferage, reduce packaging
cost and reduce total handling effort in all stages of
transit.
Given that all these advantages are real, it is obvious that
they do not accrue in equal measure to all parties concerned
in the movement of goods from consignor to consignee. There
is indeed a likelihood of a conflict of interest between
these parties.
In this report we shall try to delineate the various problem
areas, indicate the quantitative information that needs to
be collected in order to decide how to solve these problems
and outline an approach to such solutions
Estimates of the number of adults in England, Wales, and Scotland with a hearing loss
No abstract available
Recommended from our members
Using a smartphone app to identify signs of pre-eclampsia and/or worsening blood pressure
Background
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy complicate 10% of pregnancies and can have serious consequences.
Aims
To explore the experiences of pregnant women with a history of hypertension using an innovative home blood pressure monitoring device.
Methods
A qualitative study using a grounded theory approach was undertaken. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Women were given a blood pressure machine to monitor their blood pressure daily. They inserted their blood pressure results on a smartphone app and answered questions for signs of pre-eclampsia. Participants were followed up every 2 weeks.
Findings
The results suggested that women wanted a holistic care pathway for the management of hypertension in pregnancy. Three subcategories (âempowermentâ, âcomparison of care pathwaysâ and âcontinuity of careâ) were also identified.
Conclusions
The traditional management of hypertension in pregnancy is not holistic. The home blood pressure service was accepted by women and incorporated elements of holistic care but more is required to meet the standard of care that women need
- âŠ